Our last AI PhD grad student feature was Shunyu Yao, who happened to focus on Language Agents for his thesis and immediately went to work on them for OpenAI. Our pick this year is Jack Morris, who bucks the “hot” trends by -not- working on agents, benchmarks, or VS Code forks, but is rather known for his work on the information theoretic understanding of LLMs, starting from embedding models and latent space representations (always close to our heart).

Jack is an unusual combination of doing underrated research but somehow still being to explain them well to a mass audience, so we felt this was a good opportunity to do a different kind of episode going through the greatest hits of a high profile AI PhD, and relate them to questions from AI Engineering.

Papers and References made

* AI grad school:

* A new type of information theory:

* Embeddings

* Text Embeddings Reveal (Almost) As Much As Text: https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.06816

* Contextual document embeddings https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.02525

Harnessing the Universal Geometry of Embeddings: https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.12540

* Language models

* GPT-style language models memorize 3.6 bits per param:

* Approximating Language Model Training Data from Weights: https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.15553

* LLM Inversion

* “There Are No New Ideas In AI.... Only New Datasets”

* misc reference: https://junyanz.github.io/CycleGAN/

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for others hiring AI PhDs, Jack also wanted to shout out his coauthor

Zach Nussbaum, his coauthor on Nomic Embed: Training a Reproducible Long Context Text Embedder.

Full Video Episode

Timestamps

00:00 Introduction to Jack Morris01:18 Career in AI03:29 The Shift to AI Companies03:57 The Impact of ChatGPT04:26 The Role of Academia in AI05:49 The Emergence of Reasoning Models07:07 Challenges in Academia: GPUs and HPC Training11:04 The Value of GPU Knowledge14:24 Introduction to Jack's Research15:28 Information Theory17:10 Understanding Deep Learning Systems19:00 The "Bit" in Deep Learning20:25 Wikipedia and Information Storage23:50 Text Embeddings and Information Compression27:08 The Research Journey of Embedding Inversion31:22 Harnessing the Universal Geometry of Embeddings34:54 Implications of Embedding Inversion36:02 Limitations of Embedding Inversion38:08 The Capacity of Language Models40:23 The Cognitive Core and Model Efficiency50:40 The Future of AI and Model Scaling52:47 Approximating Language Model Training Data from Weights01:06:50 The "No New Ideas, Only New Datasets" Thesis

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Information Theory for Language Models: Jack Morris

Latent Space: The AI Engineer Podcast

Information Theory for Language Models: Jack Morris