In this episode of Syntax, Wes Bos and Wes discuss CSS if statements, a new feature in Chrome 137 that allows conditional styling based on CSS variables, media queries, and support queries. They explain the syntax and provide code examples, highlighting use cases such as button variations and theming systems with more than two modes. They compare CSS if statements to style queries and traditional class-based approaches, noting the benefits of using CSS variables for managing styles and reducing the need for JavaScript. The speakers also touch on the broader trend of declarative APIs in CSS and HTML, which could reduce reliance on JavaScript for front-end functionality.