This podcast episode explores the common misconceptions surrounding estrogen and testosterone, debunking the notion that they are strictly female and male hormones, respectively. It delves into the history of hormone research, highlighting the oversimplified binary view of sex that influenced early scientific understanding. The episode also discusses the rise and fall of Premarin, a drug derived from pregnant horse urine, and its impact on women's health. The multifaceted nature of estrogen and testosterone is emphasized, showcasing their various functions beyond reproductive purposes. The complex interplay between these hormones and their effects on brain development, bone health, aggression, and masculinity is also examined. The section concludes by discussing the uses of hormone replacement therapy and the adoption of bright yellow paint for school buses following a tragic event.