CardioNerds (Dr. Apoorva Gangavelli, Dr. Rebecca Garber, and Dr. Tina Reddy), discuss pre-pregnancy risk stratification and counseling with Dr. Katy Young across a range of risks.

This episode was produced as part of the CardioNerds Academy curriculum by House Einthoven under the guidance of House Chief, Dr. Apoorva Gangavelli and Academy Program Director, Dr. Gurleen Kaur. A matching review article will be published in US Cardiology Review, the official journal of CardioNerds. This discussion was planned in collaboration with the Mayo Clinic Cardiovascular Board Review Course.

Audio editing by CardioNerds intern, Dr. Patrick Pekyi-Boateng.

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Notes:

Why is pregnancy considered a “physiologic stress test,” and why does risk extend beyond delivery?

Blood volume, heart rate, and cardiac output rise while systemic vascular resistance falls, peaking in the late second/early third trimester; underlying (even undiagnosed) heart disease can be unmasked or worsened.
Postpartum (“fourth trimester”) is a high-risk period, not a safe zone – fluid shifts, rising SVR, and bleeding risk can precipitate decompensation in patients with heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, valvular disease, or aortopathy.
Adverse pregnancy outcomes (hypertensive disorders, gestational diabetes, preterm birth, fetal growth restriction, peripartum cardiomyopathy) are markers of future cardiovascular risk and warrant long-term preventive follow-up.

What is the practical framework for approaching pre-pregnancy cardiovascular risk?

Four broad categories: (1) patients who may need cardiac screening before pregnancy, (2) patients needing risk-factor/medication optimization, (3) known cardiovascular disease where pregnancy is reasonable with structured risk stratification, and (4) high-risk disease where pregnancy may need to be delayed, modified by intervention, or discouraged.
Testing should be targeted, not blanket – reserved for symptoms, abnormal exam, concerning family history, or reduced functional capacity.

How is risk stratified in patients with known cardiovascular disease?

Use a combination of tools per 2025 ESC guidelines: mWHO 2.0 (broad maternal risk category), CARPREG II (additional predictors of maternal cardiac events), and ZAHARA (useful in congenital heart disease).
Key lesion-specific factors: aortic size/growth, valve severity, ventricular function, symptoms, blood pressure, and family history of dissection.
Translate risk into practical terms for patients rather than leading with a numerical score.

Which cardiovascular medications require review before conception?

ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and ARNIs should be transitioned off before pregnancy; statins, MRAs, and SGLT2 inhibitors also need review.
DOACs are contraindicated in pregnancy and lactation; mechanical valve anticoagulation requires individualized shared decision-making, as no strategy is risk-free for mother and fetus.
Medication changes are best made proactively, before conception, rather than reactively.
This is not an exhaustive list! The medication list needs to be reviewed carefully.

Which conditions carry high or prohibitive risk in pregnancy?

Pulmonary arterial hypertension, Eisenmenger syndrome, severe ventricular dysfunction, prior peripartum cardiomyopathy with residual LV dysfunction, severe left-sided obstructive valve disease (e.g., severe mitral stenosis), mechanical valves, significant aortopathy, cyanotic congenital heart disease, and Fontan physiology.
Common theme: limited cardiovascular reserve and high risk of decompensation, thrombosis, arrhythmia, heart failure, aortic dissection, or death. These patients need expert multidisciplinary evaluation before pregnancy.
Severe mitral stenosis is poorly tolerated because tachycardia shortens diastolic filling time and raises left atrial pressure, risking pulmonary edema and decompensation.

When should genetic testing or counseling be offered?

Consider when a diagnosis may be inherited or affect the patient, pregnancy, or family members: inherited cardiomyopathies, aortopathies, channelopathies, select congenital heart disease, and some pulmonary hypertension syndromes.
Recurrence risk of congenital heart disease in offspring is roughly 6-10% when the mother has CHD; fetal echocardiography should be offered.

How should contraception be approached in high-risk cardiac patients?

Frame contraception as part of the cardiac care and reproductive safety plan to prevent unplanned high-risk pregnancy.
Long-acting reversible contraception is often preferred; progestin-only methods are generally safer than estrogen-containing options with thrombosis risk, pulmonary hypertension, or mechanical valves.

What are key delivery-planning considerations for cardiac patients?

Vaginal delivery is preferred unless there is an obstetric indication for cesarean or a specific cardiac reason (e.g., unstable maternal status, therapeutic INR) to avoid labor.
Planning should address delivery location, anesthesia involvement, telemetry needs, fluid management, and postpartum monitoring, clearly communicated across the multidisciplinary team in advance.

How should clinicians counsel patients when pregnancy is discouraged but strongly desired?

Acknowledge the patient’s goals and the emotional weight of the conversation; separate the goal (family building) from the timeline (safety now vs. after optimization).
If pregnancy remains prohibitively risky, discuss alternatives for family building and ensure adequate patient support.

What are the key gaps and future directions in cardio-obstetric risk stratification?

Current risk tools (mWHO, CARPREG II, ZAHARA) provide common language but do not fully capture functional status, prior pregnancy history, or how risk evolves over time.
Future direction: individualized, dynamic risk prediction incorporating imaging, biomarkers, exercise capacity, and social drivers of health, with better long-term links between pregnancy complications and cardiovascular prevention.

References

1. European Society of Cardiology. 2025 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease and pregnancy.

2. Mehta LS, et al. Cardiovascular Considerations in Caring for Pregnant Patients: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2020;141:e884-e903. PMID: 32362133. doi:https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000772

3. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 212. Pregnancy and Heart Disease. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;133(5):e320-e356. PMID: 31022123. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000003243

461. Pre-Pregnancy Risk Stratification and Counseling with Dr. Katy Young

Cardionerds: A Cardiology Podcast

461. Pre-Pregnancy Risk Stratification and Counseling with Dr. Katy Young