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Mark Solms began translating Freud's neuroscientific writings in the late 1980s, then gave twenty-nine years to revising the translation of Freud's psychological works. In this episode, Solms joins Andrea Hiott to talk about his new book, The Only Cure: Freud and the Neuroscience of Mental Healing — and to make a surprising case: that far from being the discredited figure many take him for, Freud built a model of the mind, from the inside, that modern neuroscience is now confirming from the outside.

Together they explore multiple memory systems and the unconscious as things we repeat rather than remember; why transference is a far bigger phenomenon than its jargon suggests; the damage done by the "chemical imbalance" story of depression; the stubborn role of time in real change; and, in the end, care — the idea that psychoanalysis is ultimately a cure by love. Throughout, they return to the show's animating theme: holding paradox, and refusing the false choice between the subjective and the objective, feeling and fact.

They discuss dual-aspect monism, subjective and objective perspectives, multiple memory systems, unconscious processing, state-dependent memory, and transference as the enactment of non-declarative “action policies” that therapy makes visible and revisable through repeated working-through over time. Solms links these ideas to care, politics, and mortality, ending with Freud’s “cure by love,” followed by Andrea reading Seamus Heaney’s “From The Cure at Troy.”

About the guest: Mark Solms is a neuropsychologist, psychoanalyst, and world-leading pioneer of neuropsychoanalysis. He discovered the brain mechanisms of dreaming, serves as science director of the American Psychoanalytic Association, and is the translator and editor of the Revised Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. His previous book was The Hidden Spring (2021).

00:00 Welcome and Guest Intro
03:50 Freud Translator Journey
05:20 Why Call It Cure
07:00 Reframing Freud Today
11:41 Freud as Neuroscientist
19:57 Memory Systems and Unconscious
31:41 Subjective Meets Objective
39:08 Chemical Imbalance Myth
43:23 Needs Feelings and Therapy
51:03 Pills Versus Talking
52:09 Limits Of Medication
53:31 When Pills Help
54:41 What Is Transference
56:04 Infantile Amnesia
57:17 Interpreting Patterns
01:01:25 Why Therapy Takes Time
01:04:46 Cost Versus Care
01:10:59 Teddy And Polypharmacy
01:19:20 Short Termism Trap
01:23:13 Cure By Love
01:25:37 AI Therapy Limits
01:31:25 Mortality And Meaning
01:34:55 Closing Thanks
01:36:09 Heaney Poem Easter Egg

KEY THEMES

Freud was a neuroscientist first. Over 23 years he contributed to neuron theory, neuroanatomy, and clinical neurology. His 1891 work on aphasia reframed language as a psychological function — the seed of psychoanalysis. Because his neuroscientific writings were never translated into English, this side of Freud stayed invisible.

Two perspectives on one thing. Solms argues for dual-aspect monism: the subjective and objective are two views of a single reality, not rival teams. Feelings can only be empirically observed through introspection — leave them out and you lose half the causal picture.

Memory, the unconscious, and transference. Freud anticipated the modern model of multiple memory systems decades early. Unconscious memories aren't recalled as images; they're repeated as "motor policies." Transference is that repetition made visible — and naming it gives the patient the freedom to revise it ("free won't").

Against the "chemical imbalance" myth. The claim that depression is a serotonin deficiency is, for Solms, both conceptually incoherent and empirically disproven. Bad feelings are signals of unmet needs. Medication has a real but limited role — it changes your state, not who you are.

Time, care, and cure by love. Real change is slow because procedural memories are "hard to learn and hard to forget." Therapy works partly as re-parenting, drawing on the mammalian capacity for care. Cure and care share the Latin root cura — and Solms ends on Freud's phrase that psychoanalysis is "a cure by love."

NOTABLE MOMENTS

"One doesn't cure symptomatically. One cures causally." "They're not remembered, they're repeated." "It's called not free will, it's called free won't." "Computers don't give a damn." "Reality always wins."

MENTIONED & FURTHER READING

The Only Cure: Freud and the Neuroscience of Mental Healing — Mark Solms
The Hidden Spring (2021) — Mark Solms
The Revised Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (2024) — translated/edited by Solms
Holding Paradox: The Navigational Approach to Mind and Consciousness — Andrea Hiott
Referenced thinkers & ideas: Sigmund Freud, Baruch Spinoza (dual-aspect monism), Hilary Putnam (functionalism), Edward Tolman (multiple memory systems), B. F. Skinner, Donald Hebb, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, 4E cognition and enactivism, Philip Ball, and Freud's letter to Einstein.

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Is there a Cure? Reconsidering chemical imbalances, Freud, transference, functionalism & embodied science with Mark Solms

love & philosophy

Is there a Cure? Reconsidering chemical imbalances, Freud, transference, functionalism & embodied science with Mark Solms