Xenotransplantation—the use of organs from other species to treat human disease—has long existed at the intersection of science fiction and surgical innovation. While early efforts were marked by limited success and ethical controversy, recent advances in genetic engineering, immunosuppression, and organ preservation have brought the field closer than ever to clinical reality.

In this episode of Behind the Knife, we are joined by Dr. Joshua Mezrich to explore the history, science, and future of xenotransplantation. Through a narrative lens, we trace the evolution of transplantation from its earliest experimental days to the modern era of gene-edited porcine organs, highlighting key breakthroughs, ethical challenges, and the pioneers who shaped the field. We also examine the current state of clinical trials and what xenotransplantation may mean for the future of organ availability and transplant practice.

Hosts
- Madeline Cloonan, MD PhD, General Surgery Resident, University of Nebraska Medical Center, @maddie_cloonan
- Joshua Mezrich, MD, Professor, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health

Learning Objectives
By the end of this episode, listeners will be able to:
- Describe the historical evolution of xenotransplantation, including the primate and early porcine eras
- Explain the key immunologic and biologic barriers to xenotransplantation, including hyperacute rejection and the role of natural antibodies
- Summarize major scientific advances that enabled modern xenotransplantation, including cloning and CRISPR-based gene editing
- Discuss recent clinical experiences and ongoing trials of xenotransplantation in humans
- Evaluate the ethical considerations and societal implications of xenotransplantation
- Consider the potential role of xenotransplantation in addressing organ shortage and reshaping transplant eligibility and allocation

Check out Dr. Mezrich’s new book!
https://www.amazon.com/Every-Living-Creature-Xenotransplantation-Change-ebook/dp/B0FH14LF6K

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