If you care about decarbonizing the power grid anytime soon, you have to care about data centers. The AI boom and the ongoing growth of the internet have driven a big new cycle of data center construction in the United States, with tech companies trying to buy amounts of electricity comparable to those used by large cities.

Peter Freed has seen this up close. As Meta’s former director of energy strategy, he worked on clean energy procurement and data center development from 2014 to 2024. He is now a founding partner at the Near Horizon Group, where he advises investors and companies on emerging topics in data centers and advanced clean energy.

On this week’s episode of Shift Key, Rob and Jesse talk with Peter about whether AI and new data centers are going to blow up the grid and break decarbonization. What are the real-world constraints on developing a data center in 2025? Are tech companies beginning to run out of natural gas to burn? What do their investments in clean energy mean? And could the rise of AI prompt an accidental return to coal? Shift Key is hosted by Jesse Jenkins, a professor of energy systems engineering at Princeton University, and Robinson Meyer, Heatmap’s executive editor.

Mentioned:

A Skeptic’s Guide to AI and Energy Growth

Peter Freed and Allison Clement on how to reduce data center speculation

Exxon’s announced plans to use CCS for data centers

The Natural Gas Turbine Crisis

Jesse’s upshift; Rob’s downshift.

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Music for Shift Key is by Adam Kromelow.

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What’s Really Holding Back New Data Centers

Shift Key with Robinson Meyer

What’s Really Holding Back New Data Centers