Why we’re at the beginning of the AI hardware boom | Caitlin Kalinowski (ex–OpenAI, Meta, Apple)

The transition from digital intelligence to physical AI marks the next major technological frontier, necessitating a fundamental shift toward robotics and advanced manufacturing. Hardware development requires a distinct, conservative approach compared to software, as limited iteration cycles and complex supply chain dependencies—such as access to magnets and actuators—demand rigorous reliability testing and early identification of critical design pinch points. Reindustrializing the United States is essential for military and economic security, particularly as geopolitical shifts threaten global supply chains. Successful hardware leadership, exemplified by Caitlin Kalinowski’s extensive work at Apple and Meta, relies on defining clear, ambitious goals, prioritizing the most critical user-facing components, and maintaining a "do it now" efficiency to navigate unforeseen technical challenges. Ultimately, the future of physical AI depends on verticalizing production and fostering a new generation of engineers capable of bridging the gap between digital innovation and real-world execution.