This podcast episode explores the topic of ATP production and utilization and its relationship to energy production, utilization, and performance. It discusses the metabolic pathways involved, the importance of oxygen, and the role of calumetry in measuring energy expenditure. The episode emphasizes the benefits of lower power outputs for improving work economy and developing a better sense of movement efficiency. It also discusses the significance of VO2 max as a predictor of longevity, metabolic health, and endurance performance. The accuracy and measurement of portable VO2 and VCO2 devices are explored, as well as the complexities of human physiology and the challenges in optimizing training. The episode delves into priming effects in VO2 max workouts, the energetic demands of Ironman triathlon, the relationship between torque, cadence, and VO2 max, and the most effective interval training strategies. The limitations of VO2 max as a measurement are discussed, with emphasis on the importance of work performed. The episode also covers lactate threshold, its determination, and its significance for world-class athletes. Overall, it provides a comprehensive view of the complexities and challenges in optimizing human performance.