How Crowds Work

Crowd behavior and dynamics are explored, challenging outdated notions of crowds as inherently dangerous. The discussion covers how people unconsciously navigate crowds using "social force," and how collective behavior emerges spontaneously. Tragic events like the Astroworld Festival and the Hajj pilgrimage are examined to understand the factors leading to crowd crushes, including bottlenecks and pushing from the rear. Physics, psychology, and sociology are applied to understand crowd dynamics, including lane formation and orbital motion. The conversation also addresses the impact of law enforcement tactics, the role of alcohol, and the prevalence of peaceful protests versus violent ones.