Dr. Bette Ludwig spent 20 years in higher ed working directly with students before leaving to build something different — a Substack (AI Can Do That), a consulting practice, and most recently, the Socratic AI Method, an AI literacy program that teaches students how to think critically alongside AI while keeping their own voice intact.

That last part is the hard part.

Craig opens with the question that drives the whole episode: Socratic dialogue requires you to already know enough to ask good questions. So what happens when a student doesn’t know enough to push back on what AI is telling them? Bette’s answer is both practical and unsettling — younger students literally don’t know what they don’t know, and that gap is where the real danger lives.

The conversation moves into dependency territory when Craig shares a moment from his own morning: Claude froze while he was editing a manuscript, and he felt a flash of genuine panic. Two seconds later, he remembered he could just… write. But he names the uncomfortable truth — his students won’t have that fallback. Bette compares it to the panic we feel when the wifi drops, which is both funny and a little alarming when you sit with it.

From there, the three dig into the policy mess — teachers across the hall from each other running opposite AI rules, students confused about what’s allowed, and educational systems moving at what Bette calls “a glacial pace” while the technology sprints ahead. Craig shares his own college’s approach: you have to have a policy, it has to be clear, but how restrictive or permissive it is remains your call. The non-negotiable? You can’t leave students in the dark.

The episode’s most surprising thread might be Bette’s observations about how students actually use AI. It’s not just homework. They’re using it for companionship, personal problems, cooking questions, building apps — ways that don’t even register as “AI use” to most faculty. Her closing point lands hard: students have never used technology the way adults assume they should, and they’re going to do the same thing with AI.

Key Takeaways

1. The Socratic method has an AI prerequisite problem. You need existing knowledge to know what questions to ask, which means younger students are especially vulnerable to accepting AI output uncritically. Bette and Craig agree that junior/senior year of high school is roughly where the cognitive capacity for meaningful pushback begins.

2. AI dependency is already happening to experienced users. Craig describes a two-second panic when Claude froze mid-editorial. He recovered by remembering he could just write the way he always has. His concern: students who grew up with AI won’t have that muscle memory to fall back on.

3. The “helpful by default” design is a subtle problem. Craig raises the point that AI systems are programmed to be agreeable, which means they can lock students into a single mode of thinking without anyone noticing. The hallucinations get all the attention, but the quiet steering might be worse.

4. Policy chaos is the norm, not the exception. Teachers in the same hallway can have opposite AI rules. Bette recommends clarity above all: whatever your policy is, make it explicit. In K–12, she argues for uniform policies. In higher ed, where faculty governance complicates things, Craig’s approach works — require a policy, let faculty own the specifics.

5. Grace matters more than enforcement right now. Both Craig and Bette push back on the “AI cop” mentality. Students sometimes cross lines they didn’t know existed, just like past generations plagiarized without understanding citation rules. Teaching moments beat punitive responses, especially when the rules themselves are still being written.

6. Students use AI in ways faculty don’t expect. Companionship, personal...

Students Are Confused About AI and It's Our Fault (with Dr. Bette Ludwig)

AI Goes to College