This podcast episode explores the limitations of deep learning, the concept of adversarial examples, the evolution of generative models and Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), and the potential applications and challenges of deep learning in various fields. The speakers discuss the challenges of improving the generalization ability of deep learning and its reliance on labeled data. They also explore the potential alternatives to backpropagation and the future directions for training neural networks. The episode highlights the progress and potential of GANs in image generation and classification tasks, as well as their applications in data augmentation, domain adaptation, differential privacy, and fair machine learning. Additionally, the speakers discuss the importance of deep learning in machine learning security and the need to develop resistance against adversarial examples. The episode concludes with the significance of rapid development of groundbreaking ideas in deep learning, the challenges of building artificial general intelligence, and the ongoing efforts to enhance machine learning security.