Professor Jiang reviews three major principles of geopolitics: competition within states exceeds that between states, elites lack loyalty, and war often maintains the status quo, illustrating these concepts with examples from China's Warring States period and Mesopotamia. The lecture transitions to ancient Greece, contrasting Sparta's conservative, military-focused oligarchy with Athens' open, expansionist democracy, leading to the Peloponnesian War. The rise of Macedonia under Philip II and Alexander the Great is discussed, emphasizing their military innovations and cultural imperialism, culminating in the Hellenistic Age and the synthesis of Greek, Jewish, and Persian cultures, setting the stage for the rise of Christianity and the Roman Empire. The lecture concludes by examining the cultural imperialism of the Library of Alexandria and the syncretism of different worldviews.
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