Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is explored, including its pathophysiology, risk factors, and diagnostic and treatment approaches. TB is transmitted via airborne particles, leading to potential outcomes ranging from immediate elimination to active disease. Risk factors for infection involve endemic residence and close contact, while immunosuppression elevates the risk of developing active TB. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms such as chronic cough, weight loss, and night sweats, alongside chest X-rays and sputum testing. Treatment for active TB includes a multi-drug regimen, typically involving rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol, with directly observed therapy recommended. Latent TB infection diagnosis utilizes tuberculin skin tests or interferon-gamma release assays, with rifampin being the first-line treatment.
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