Nassim Nicholas Taleb discusses the problem of experts, particularly pseudo-experts, and how they are often judged by their peers rather than by reality, leading to ineffective outcomes. He uses examples such as bureaucrats, economists, and the restaurant business to illustrate his points. Taleb introduces the concept of "skin in the game," emphasizing the importance of symmetry, where individuals bear the consequences of the risks they create, referencing Hammurabi's code and the Bob Rubin trade as examples of the erosion of this principle in modern finance. He contrasts the golden rule with the silver rule, advocating for the latter's emphasis on not inflicting harm on others, and highlights the necessity of evolutionary pressure for systems to function effectively, criticizing academics who resist applying Darwinian principles to their own fields.
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