When complex systems fail, it is often because they have succumbed to what we call "disempowerment spirals" — self-reinforcing feedback loops where an initial threat progressively undermines the system's capacity to respond, leading to accelerating vulnerability and potential collapse.

Consider a city gradually falling under the control of organized crime. The criminal organization doesn't simply overpower existing institutions through sheer force. Rather, it systematically weakens the city's response mechanisms: intimidating witnesses, corrupting law enforcement, and cultivating a reputation that silences opposition. With each incremental weakening of response capacity, the criminal faction acquires more power to further dismantle resistance, creating a downward spiral that can eventually reach a point of no return.

This basic pattern appears across many different domains and scales:

HIV progressively destroys the immune system designed to fight it.
Anxiety, burnout, or depression deplete executive function, which is required for taking steps to address [...]