Episode 31, Welcome to season two of the Cyber Security America podcast. In this episode, we explore the evolving landscape of cloud security, focusing on critical considerations for organizations migrating to Office 365 and Azure AD. Stay tuned as we unravel essential strategies and insights to bolster your security posture in the cloud.

In traditional on-prem environments, users authenticate to domain controllers within a network. However, replicating this infrastructure to Azure Cloud introduces significant changes. Now, users can authenticate from anywhere globally, leading to numerous failed authentications and increased MFA prompts. This new setup can cause account lockouts that do not synchronize back to the on-prem domain controller. Therefore, when moving to Office 365, it's crucial to consider Microsoft's Defender for Identity for enhanced security posture, compliance, threat detection, and vulnerability assessments.

One of the most significant security concerns is PowerShell. It's frequently used in legitimate administrative actions and by malicious actors. Hardening PowerShell is essential, and this includes enabling transcription, which captures input and output of commands, and script block logging, which ensures Base64 encoded commands are logged and can be decoded for analysis. This helps to detect and respond to malicious activities without relying on external tools like CyberChef.

Furthermore, enforcing script execution policies (restricted, bypass, remote signed, all signed) helps manage which scripts can run, though these policies are not foolproof security controls. The key is to use them as intended to prevent unintended script execution.

Constrained language mode is another vital hardening measure, restricting access to commands that can invoke Windows APIs, which are often exploited to download malware. For example, commands like `Add-Type` can load arbitrary C# code and are frequently used in attacks.

Additionally, integrating the Anti-Malware Scanning Interface (AMSI) into applications can help detect and prevent script-based threats by scanning unobfuscated scripts before execution. This is particularly useful in environments where PowerShell is heavily used, as it adds an extra layer of security.

Effective cybersecurity requires technical depth and business alignment. Start by understanding your industry's regulations and standards. Align your cybersecurity strategy with business risks and integrate threat intelligence, incident response management, and continuous attack surface management. This strategic approach ensures a comprehensive security posture.

Finally, as organizations migrate to Azure AD and other cloud services, several key security considerations must be addressed. This includes understanding architecture changes, monitoring data flow, and ensuring tool rationalization. Critical components often overlooked include proper deployment of MFA and firewall management. PowerShell security remains a top priority, requiring logging configurations that decode Base64 and using digital signatures to verify scripts.

Emerging technology threats, such as AI model poisoning and DNS over HTTPS, also need attention. Monitoring DNS logs for threat hunting is crucial, but the shift to DNS over HTTPS complicates this. Additionally, remote access solutions like RDP should be used in just-in-time mode to prevent continuous exposure.

In summary, moving to the cloud and adopting new technologies necessitates a robust cybersecurity framework that integrates traditional security measures with advanced threat detection and response capabilities.

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