This episode explores the effectiveness and costs of the US government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic, specifically focusing on non-pharmaceutical interventions like lockdowns and school closures. Against the backdrop of pre-pandemic planning documents expressing skepticism about the efficacy of these measures, the discussion reveals that the US adopted a lockdown approach influenced by China's response and alarming projections from Imperial College London. More significantly, the interview highlights the lack of open debate about the costs and uncertain benefits of these interventions, even as those costs rose substantially. For instance, the authors discuss the controversy surrounding the Great Barrington Declaration, which proposed a different approach focusing on protecting vulnerable populations. The analysis reveals that, before vaccines, states with longer and stricter restrictions did not experience significantly lower death rates compared to states with less stringent measures. Ultimately, the conversation concludes that a national reckoning is needed to assess the pandemic response, considering both the lack of clear life-saving benefits and the substantial economic, social, and educational costs incurred. This means a more transparent and inclusive approach is crucial for future pandemic preparedness, balancing the need to save lives with the broader societal impacts of interventions.