In this episode of the Lex Fridman podcast, astrophysicist Adam Frank delves into the intriguing possibility of extraterrestrial civilizations. The discussion highlights the Drake equation, where they refine its parameters using the latest exoplanet data, suggesting that the chances of past or present alien life may be higher than we previously believed. They also tackle the Fermi paradox, proposing that the "great silence" we observe might stem from insufficient searches rather than the absence of civilizations. Additional topics include the co-evolution of life and planets, the likelihood of detecting technosignatures from Earth, the complexities of simulating long-lived civilizations, and the philosophical questions arising from blending human experiences with scientific models of reality.