This podcast episode explores the genetic adaptations of populations living at high altitudes, specifically focusing on Tibetans, Andeans, and Ethiopians. These populations have developed genetic variations that enable them to survive and thrive in high altitude environments, protecting them from the challenges posed by reduced oxygen levels. The genetic adaptations include variations in the hypoxia-inducible factor pathway, cardiovascular and inflammatory processes, and enzymes involved in alcohol metabolism. These adaptations play crucial roles in improving lung function, reducing inflammation, and enhancing oxygen utilization. The episode also discusses the common health effects of high altitude living, such as pregnancy complications and cardiovascular issues. Overall, the episode sheds light on the remarkable genetic diversity and resilience of human populations in adapting to extreme environments.