This episode of the Empire podcast interviews Brian Catlos, author of *Kingdoms of Faith*, about Isabella I of Castile. The discussion traces the historical context of Isabella's reign, detailing the shift from religious tolerance in Spain to the rise of the Spanish Inquisition and the expulsion of Jews and Muslims. Catlos explains how economic competition and evolving religious tensions fueled anti-Semitism and the Inquisition's systematic persecution of "new Christians." The fall of Granada in 1492 and the subsequent expulsion of Jews are discussed, along with the role of Columbus's voyages. The podcast concludes with a reflection on Isabella's complex legacy, highlighting her role as a powerful female ruler and the lasting impact of her reign on Spain.
